# terminfo 5 File Formats

    terminfo(5)                   File Formats                  terminfo(5)

## NAME

           terminfo - terminal capability data base

## SYNOPSIS

           /usr/share/terminfo/*/*

## DESCRIPTION

           Terminfo  is  a  data  base  describing terminals, used by
           screen-oriented programs  such  as  nvi(1),  rogue(1)  and
           libraries  such  as curses(3x).  Terminfo describes termi-
           nals by giving a set of capabilities which they  have,  by
           specifying how to perform screen operations, and by speci-
           fying padding requirements and  initialization  sequences.
           This describes ncurses version 6.0 (patch 20160611).

           Entries in terminfo consist of a sequence of `,' separated
           fields (embedded commas may be escaped with a backslash or
           notated  as \054).  White space after the `,' separator is
           ignored.  The first entry  for  each  terminal  gives  the
           names  which  are known for the terminal, separated by `|'
           characters.  The first  name  given  is  the  most  common
           abbreviation  for the terminal, the last name given should
           be a long name fully identifying  the  terminal,  and  all
           others  are  understood as synonyms for the terminal name.
           All names but the last should be in lower case and contain
           no  blanks;  the last name may well contain upper case and
           blanks for readability.

           Lines beginning with a `#' in the first column are treated
           as  comments.  While comment lines are legal at any point,
           the output of captoinfo and infotocap  (aliases  for  tic)
           will move comments so they occur only between entries.

           Newlines  and  leading  tabs  may  be  used for formatting
           entries for readability.  These are  removed  from  parsed
           entries.   The  infocmp -f option relies on this to format
           if-then-else expressions: the result can be read by tic.

           Terminal names (except for the last, verbose entry) should
           be chosen using the following conventions.  The particular
           piece of hardware making up the  terminal  should  have  a
           root  name,  thus  "hp2621".  This name should not contain
           hyphens.  Modes that the hardware can be in, or user pref-
           erences,  should  be indicated by appending a hyphen and a
           mode suffix.  Thus, a vt100 in 132 column  mode  would  be
           vt100-w.  The following suffixes should be used where pos-
           sible:

          Suffix                  Meaning                   Example
          -nn      Number of lines on the screen            aaa-60
          -np      Number of pages of memory                c100-4p
          -am      With automargins (usually the default)   vt100-am
          -m       Mono mode; suppress color                ansi-m
          -mc      Magic cookie; spaces when highlighting   wy30-mc
          -na      No arrow keys (leave them in local)      c100-na
          -nam     Without automatic margins                vt100-nam
          -nl      No status line                           att4415-nl
          -ns      No status line                           hp2626-ns
          -rv      Reverse video                            c100-rv
          -s       Enable status line                       vt100-s
          -vb      Use visible bell instead of beep         wy370-vb

          -w       Wide mode (> 80 columns, usually 132)    vt100-w

           For more on terminal naming conventions, see  the  term(7)
           manual page.

### Predefined Capabilities

           The  following  is  a  complete  table of the capabilities
           included in a terminfo description block and available  to
           terminfo-using code.  In each line of the table,

           The  variable  is the name by which the programmer (at the
           terminfo level) accesses the capability.

           The capname is the short name used  in  the  text  of  the
           database,  and  is used by a person updating the database.
           Whenever possible, capnames are chosen to be the  same  as
           or similar to the ANSI X3.64-1979 standard (now superseded
           by ECMA-48, which uses identical or very  similar  names).
           Semantics are also intended to match those of the specifi-
           cation.

           The termcap code is the old termcap capability name  (some
           capabilities are new, and have names which termcap did not
           originate).

           Capability names have no hard length limit, but an  infor-
           mal  limit  of  5 characters has been adopted to keep them
           short and to allow the tabs in the  source  file  Caps  to
           line up nicely.

           Finally,  the  description  field  attempts  to convey the
           semantics of the capability.  You may find some  codes  in
           the description field:

           (P)    indicates that padding may be specified

           #[1-9] in  the description field indicates that the string
                  is passed through tparm with parms as given (#i).

           (P*)   indicates that padding may vary  in  proportion  to
                  the number of lines affected

           (#i)   indicates the ith parameter.

           These are the boolean capabilities:

                   Variable          Cap-   TCap     Description
                   Booleans          name   Code
           auto_left_margin          bw     bw   cub1 wraps from col-
                                                 umn 0 to last column
           auto_right_margin         am     am   terminal has auto-
                                                 matic margins
           back_color_erase          bce    ut   screen erased with
                                                 background color
           can_change                ccc    cc   terminal can re-
                                                 define existing col-
                                                 ors
           ceol_standout_glitch      xhp    xs   standout not erased
                                                 by overwriting (hp)
           col_addr_glitch           xhpa   YA   only positive motion
                                                 for hpa/mhpa caps

           cpi_changes_res           cpix   YF   changing character
                                                 pitch changes reso-
                                                 lution
           cr_cancels_micro_mode     crxm   YB   using cr turns off
                                                 micro mode
           dest_tabs_magic_smso      xt     xt   tabs destructive,
                                                 magic so char
                                                 (t1061)
           eat_newline_glitch        xenl   xn   newline ignored
                                                 after 80 cols (con-
                                                 cept)
           erase_overstrike          eo     eo   can erase over-
                                                 strikes with a blank
           generic_type              gn     gn   generic line type
           hard_copy                 hc     hc   hardcopy terminal
           hard_cursor               chts   HC   cursor is hard to
                                                 see
           has_meta_key              km     km   Has a meta key
                                                 (i.e., sets 8th-bit)
           has_print_wheel           daisy  YC   printer needs opera-
                                                 tor to change char-
                                                 acter set
           has_status_line           hs     hs   has extra status
                                                 line
           hue_lightness_saturation  hls    hl   terminal uses only
                                                 HLS color notation
                                                 (Tektronix)
           insert_null_glitch        in     in   insert mode distin-
                                                 guishes nulls
           lpi_changes_res           lpix   YG   changing line pitch
                                                 changes resolution
           memory_above              da     da   display may be
                                                 retained above the
                                                 screen
           memory_below              db     db   display may be
                                                 retained below the
                                                 screen
           move_insert_mode          mir    mi   safe to move while
                                                 in insert mode
           move_standout_mode        msgr   ms   safe to move while
                                                 in standout mode
           needs_xon_xoff            nxon   nx   padding will not
                                                 work, xon/xoff
                                                 required
           no_esc_ctlc               xsb    xb   beehive (f1=escape,
                                                 f2=ctrl C)
           no_pad_char               npc    NP   pad character does
                                                 not exist
           non_dest_scroll_region    ndscr  ND   scrolling region is
                                                 non-destructive
           non_rev_rmcup             nrrmc  NR   smcup does not
                                                 reverse rmcup
           over_strike               os     os   terminal can over-
                                                 strike
           prtr_silent               mc5i   5i   printer will not
                                                 echo on screen
           row_addr_glitch           xvpa   YD   only positive motion
                                                 for vpa/mvpa caps
           semi_auto_right_margin    sam    YE   printing in last
                                                 column causes cr
           status_line_esc_ok        eslok  es   escape can be used
                                                 on the status line
           tilde_glitch              hz     hz   cannot print ~'s
                                                 (Hazeltine)

           transparent_underline     ul     ul   underline character
                                                 overstrikes
           xon_xoff                  xon    xo   terminal uses
                                                 xon/xoff handshaking

           These are the numeric capabilities:

                   Variable          Cap-   TCap     Description
                    Numeric          name   Code
           columns                   cols   co   number of columns in
                                                 a line
           init_tabs                 it     it   tabs initially every
                                                 # spaces
           label_height              lh     lh   rows in each label
           label_width               lw     lw   columns in each
                                                 label
           lines                     lines  li   number of lines on
                                                 screen or page
           lines_of_memory           lm     lm   lines of memory if >
                                                 line. 0 means varies
           magic_cookie_glitch       xmc    sg   number of blank
                                                 characters left by
                                                 smso or rmso
           max_attributes            ma     ma   maximum combined
                                                 attributes terminal
                                                 can handle
           max_colors                colors Co   maximum number of
                                                 colors on screen
           max_pairs                 pairs  pa   maximum number of
                                                 color-pairs on the
                                                 screen
           maximum_windows           wnum   MW   maximum number of
                                                 definable windows
           no_color_video            ncv    NC   video attributes
                                                 that cannot be used
                                                 with colors
           num_labels                nlab   Nl   number of labels on
                                                 screen
           padding_baud_rate         pb     pb   lowest baud rate
                                                 where padding needed
           virtual_terminal          vt     vt   virtual terminal
                                                 number (CB/unix)
           width_status_line         wsl    ws   number of columns in
                                                 status line

           The following numeric  capabilities  are  present  in  the
           SVr4.0  term  structure, but are not yet documented in the
           man page.  They came in with SVr4's printer support.

                   Variable          Cap-   TCap     Description
                    Numeric          name   Code
           bit_image_entwining       bitwin Yo   number of passes for
                                                 each bit-image row
           bit_image_type            bitype Yp   type of bit-image
                                                 device
           buffer_capacity           bufsz  Ya   numbers of bytes
                                                 buffered before
                                                 printing
           buttons                   btns   BT   number of buttons on
                                                 mouse
           dot_horz_spacing          spinh  Yc   spacing of dots hor-
                                                 izontally in dots
                                                 per inch

           dot_vert_spacing          spinv  Yb   spacing of pins ver-
                                                 tically in pins per
                                                 inch
           max_micro_address         maddr  Yd   maximum value in
                                                 micro_..._address
           max_micro_jump            mjump  Ye   maximum value in
                                                 parm_..._micro
           micro_col_size            mcs    Yf   character step size
                                                 when in micro mode
           micro_line_size           mls    Yg   line step size when
                                                 in micro mode
           number_of_pins            npins  Yh   numbers of pins in
                                                 print-head
           output_res_char           orc    Yi   horizontal resolu-
                                                 tion in units per
                                                 line
           output_res_horz_inch      orhi   Yk   horizontal resolu-
                                                 tion in units per
                                                 inch
           output_res_line           orl    Yj   vertical resolution
                                                 in units per line
           output_res_vert_inch      orvi   Yl   vertical resolution
                                                 in units per inch
           print_rate                cps    Ym   print rate in char-
                                                 acters per second
           wide_char_size            widcs  Yn   character step size
                                                 when in double wide
                                                 mode

           These are the string capabilities:

                   Variable          Cap-   TCap     Description
                    String           name   Code
           acs_chars                 acsc   ac   graphics charset
                                                 pairs, based on
                                                 vt100
           back_tab                  cbt    bt   back tab (P)
           bell                      bel    bl   audible signal
                                                 (bell) (P)
           carriage_return           cr     cr   carriage return (P*)
                                                 (P*)
           change_char_pitch         cpi    ZA   Change number of
                                                 characters per inch
                                                 to #1
           change_line_pitch         lpi    ZB   Change number of
                                                 lines per inch to #1
           change_res_horz           chr    ZC   Change horizontal
                                                 resolution to #1
           change_res_vert           cvr    ZD   Change vertical res-
                                                 olution to #1
           change_scroll_region      csr    cs   change region to
                                                 line #1 to line #2
                                                 (P)
           char_padding              rmp    rP   like ip but when in
                                                 insert mode
           clear_all_tabs            tbc    ct   clear all tab stops
                                                 (P)
           clear_margins             mgc    MC   clear right and left
                                                 soft margins
           clear_screen              clear  cl   clear screen and
                                                 home cursor (P*)
           clr_bol                   el1    cb   Clear to beginning
                                                 of line

           clr_eol                   el     ce   clear to end of line
                                                 (P)
           clr_eos                   ed     cd   clear to end of
                                                 screen (P*)
           column_address            hpa    ch   horizontal position
                                                 #1, absolute (P)
           command_character         cmdch  CC   terminal settable
                                                 cmd character in
                                                 prototype !?
           create_window             cwin   CW   define a window #1
                                                 from #2,#3 to #4,#5
           cursor_address            cup    cm   move to row #1 col-
                                                 umns #2
           cursor_down               cud1   do   down one line
           cursor_home               home   ho   home cursor (if no
                                                 cup)
           cursor_invisible          civis  vi   make cursor invisi-
                                                 ble
           cursor_left               cub1   le   move left one space
           cursor_mem_address        mrcup  CM   memory relative cur-
                                                 sor addressing, move
                                                 to row #1 columns #2
           cursor_normal             cnorm  ve   make cursor appear
                                                 normal (undo
                                                 civis/cvvis)
           cursor_right              cuf1   nd   non-destructive
                                                 space (move right
                                                 one space)
           cursor_to_ll              ll     ll   last line, first
                                                 column (if no cup)
           cursor_up                 cuu1   up   up one line
           cursor_visible            cvvis  vs   make cursor very
                                                 visible
           define_char               defc   ZE   Define a character
                                                 #1, #2 dots wide,
                                                 descender #3
           delete_character          dch1   dc   delete character
                                                 (P*)
           delete_line               dl1    dl   delete line (P*)
           dial_phone                dial   DI   dial number #1
           dis_status_line           dsl    ds   disable status line
           display_clock             dclk   DK   display clock
           down_half_line            hd     hd   half a line down
           ena_acs                   enacs  eA   enable alternate
                                                 char set
           enter_alt_charset_mode    smacs  as   start alternate
                                                 character set (P)
           enter_am_mode             smam   SA   turn on automatic
                                                 margins
           enter_blink_mode          blink  mb   turn on blinking
           enter_bold_mode           bold   md   turn on bold (extra
                                                 bright) mode
           enter_ca_mode             smcup  ti   string to start pro-
                                                 grams using cup
           enter_delete_mode         smdc   dm   enter delete mode
           enter_dim_mode            dim    mh   turn on half-bright
                                                 mode
           enter_doublewide_mode     swidm  ZF   Enter double-wide
                                                 mode
           enter_draft_quality       sdrfq  ZG   Enter draft-quality
                                                 mode
           enter_insert_mode         smir   im   enter insert mode
           enter_italics_mode        sitm   ZH   Enter italic mode
           enter_leftward_mode       slm    ZI   Start leftward car-
                                                 riage motion

           enter_micro_mode          smicm  ZJ   Start micro-motion
                                                 mode
           enter_near_letter_quality snlq   ZK   Enter NLQ mode
           enter_normal_quality      snrmq  ZL   Enter normal-quality
                                                 mode
           enter_protected_mode      prot   mp   turn on protected
                                                 mode
           enter_reverse_mode        rev    mr   turn on reverse
                                                 video mode
           enter_secure_mode         invis  mk   turn on blank mode
                                                 (characters invisi-
                                                 ble)
           enter_shadow_mode         sshm   ZM   Enter shadow-print
                                                 mode
           enter_standout_mode       smso   so   begin standout mode
           enter_subscript_mode      ssubm  ZN   Enter subscript mode
           enter_superscript_mode    ssupm  ZO   Enter superscript
                                                 mode
           enter_underline_mode      smul   us   begin underline mode
           enter_upward_mode         sum    ZP   Start upward car-
                                                 riage motion
           enter_xon_mode            smxon  SX   turn on xon/xoff
                                                 handshaking
           erase_chars               ech    ec   erase #1 characters
                                                 (P)
           exit_alt_charset_mode     rmacs  ae   end alternate char-
                                                 acter set (P)
           exit_am_mode              rmam   RA   turn off automatic
                                                 margins
           exit_attribute_mode       sgr0   me   turn off all
                                                 attributes
           exit_ca_mode              rmcup  te   strings to end pro-
                                                 grams using cup
           exit_delete_mode          rmdc   ed   end delete mode
           exit_doublewide_mode      rwidm  ZQ   End double-wide mode
           exit_insert_mode          rmir   ei   exit insert mode
           exit_italics_mode         ritm   ZR   End italic mode
           exit_leftward_mode        rlm    ZS   End left-motion mode
           exit_micro_mode           rmicm  ZT   End micro-motion
                                                 mode
           exit_shadow_mode          rshm   ZU   End shadow-print
                                                 mode
           exit_standout_mode        rmso   se   exit standout mode
           exit_subscript_mode       rsubm  ZV   End subscript mode
           exit_superscript_mode     rsupm  ZW   End superscript mode
           exit_underline_mode       rmul   ue   exit underline mode
           exit_upward_mode          rum    ZX   End reverse charac-
                                                 ter motion
           exit_xon_mode             rmxon  RX   turn off xon/xoff
                                                 handshaking
           fixed_pause               pause  PA   pause for 2-3 sec-
                                                 onds
           flash_hook                hook   fh   flash switch hook
           flash_screen              flash  vb   visible bell (may
                                                 not move cursor)
           form_feed                 ff     ff   hardcopy terminal
                                                 page eject (P*)
           from_status_line          fsl    fs   return from status
                                                 line
           goto_window               wingo  WG   go to window #1
           hangup                    hup    HU   hang-up phone
           init_1string              is1    i1   initialization
                                                 string
           init_2string              is2    is   initialization
                                                 string

           init_3string              is3    i3   initialization
                                                 string
           init_file                 if     if   name of initializa-
                                                 tion file
           init_prog                 iprog  iP   path name of program
                                                 for initialization
           initialize_color          initc  Ic   initialize color #1
                                                 to (#2,#3,#4)
           initialize_pair           initp  Ip   Initialize color
                                                 pair #1 to
                                                 fg=(#2,#3,#4),
                                                 bg=(#5,#6,#7)
           insert_character          ich1   ic   insert character (P)
           insert_line               il1    al   insert line (P*)
           insert_padding            ip     ip   insert padding after
                                                 inserted character
           key_a1                    ka1    K1   upper left of keypad
           key_a3                    ka3    K3   upper right of key-
                                                 pad
           key_b2                    kb2    K2   center of keypad
           key_backspace             kbs    kb   backspace key
           key_beg                   kbeg   @1   begin key
           key_btab                  kcbt   kB   back-tab key
           key_c1                    kc1    K4   lower left of keypad
           key_c3                    kc3    K5   lower right of key-
                                                 pad
           key_cancel                kcan   @2   cancel key
           key_catab                 ktbc   ka   clear-all-tabs key
           key_clear                 kclr   kC   clear-screen or
                                                 erase key
           key_close                 kclo   @3   close key
           key_command               kcmd   @4   command key
           key_copy                  kcpy   @5   copy key
           key_create                kcrt   @6   create key
           key_ctab                  kctab  kt   clear-tab key
           key_dc                    kdch1  kD   delete-character key
           key_dl                    kdl1   kL   delete-line key
           key_down                  kcud1  kd   down-arrow key
           key_eic                   krmir  kM   sent by rmir or smir
                                                 in insert mode
           key_end                   kend   @7   end key
           key_enter                 kent   @8   enter/send key
           key_eol                   kel    kE   clear-to-end-of-line
                                                 key
           key_eos                   ked    kS   clear-to-end-of-
                                                 screen key
           key_exit                  kext   @9   exit key
           key_f0                    kf0    k0   F0 function key
           key_f1                    kf1    k1   F1 function key
           key_f10                   kf10   k;   F10 function key
           key_f11                   kf11   F1   F11 function key
           key_f12                   kf12   F2   F12 function key
           key_f13                   kf13   F3   F13 function key
           key_f14                   kf14   F4   F14 function key
           key_f15                   kf15   F5   F15 function key
           key_f16                   kf16   F6   F16 function key
           key_f17                   kf17   F7   F17 function key
           key_f18                   kf18   F8   F18 function key
           key_f19                   kf19   F9   F19 function key
           key_f2                    kf2    k2   F2 function key
           key_f20                   kf20   FA   F20 function key
           key_f21                   kf21   FB   F21 function key
           key_f22                   kf22   FC   F22 function key
           key_f23                   kf23   FD   F23 function key
           key_f24                   kf24   FE   F24 function key

           key_f25                   kf25   FF   F25 function key
           key_f26                   kf26   FG   F26 function key
           key_f27                   kf27   FH   F27 function key
           key_f28                   kf28   FI   F28 function key
           key_f29                   kf29   FJ   F29 function key
           key_f3                    kf3    k3   F3 function key
           key_f30                   kf30   FK   F30 function key
           key_f31                   kf31   FL   F31 function key
           key_f32                   kf32   FM   F32 function key
           key_f33                   kf33   FN   F33 function key
           key_f34                   kf34   FO   F34 function key
           key_f35                   kf35   FP   F35 function key
           key_f36                   kf36   FQ   F36 function key
           key_f37                   kf37   FR   F37 function key
           key_f38                   kf38   FS   F38 function key
           key_f39                   kf39   FT   F39 function key
           key_f4                    kf4    k4   F4 function key
           key_f40                   kf40   FU   F40 function key
           key_f41                   kf41   FV   F41 function key
           key_f42                   kf42   FW   F42 function key
           key_f43                   kf43   FX   F43 function key
           key_f44                   kf44   FY   F44 function key
           key_f45                   kf45   FZ   F45 function key
           key_f46                   kf46   Fa   F46 function key
           key_f47                   kf47   Fb   F47 function key
           key_f48                   kf48   Fc   F48 function key
           key_f49                   kf49   Fd   F49 function key
           key_f5                    kf5    k5   F5 function key
           key_f50                   kf50   Fe   F50 function key
           key_f51                   kf51   Ff   F51 function key
           key_f52                   kf52   Fg   F52 function key
           key_f53                   kf53   Fh   F53 function key
           key_f54                   kf54   Fi   F54 function key
           key_f55                   kf55   Fj   F55 function key
           key_f56                   kf56   Fk   F56 function key
           key_f57                   kf57   Fl   F57 function key
           key_f58                   kf58   Fm   F58 function key
           key_f59                   kf59   Fn   F59 function key
           key_f6                    kf6    k6   F6 function key
           key_f60                   kf60   Fo   F60 function key
           key_f61                   kf61   Fp   F61 function key
           key_f62                   kf62   Fq   F62 function key
           key_f63                   kf63   Fr   F63 function key
           key_f7                    kf7    k7   F7 function key
           key_f8                    kf8    k8   F8 function key
           key_f9                    kf9    k9   F9 function key
           key_find                  kfnd   @0   find key
           key_help                  khlp   %1   help key
           key_home                  khome  kh   home key
           key_ic                    kich1  kI   insert-character key
           key_il                    kil1   kA   insert-line key
           key_left                  kcub1  kl   left-arrow key
           key_ll                    kll    kH   lower-left key (home
                                                 down)
           key_mark                  kmrk   %2   mark key
           key_message               kmsg   %3   message key
           key_move                  kmov   %4   move key
           key_next                  knxt   %5   next key
           key_npage                 knp    kN   next-page key
           key_open                  kopn   %6   open key
           key_options               kopt   %7   options key
           key_ppage                 kpp    kP   previous-page key
           key_previous              kprv   %8   previous key
           key_print                 kprt   %9   print key
           key_redo                  krdo   %0   redo key

           key_reference             kref   &1   reference key
           key_refresh               krfr   &2   refresh key
           key_replace               krpl   &3   replace key
           key_restart               krst   &4   restart key
           key_resume                kres   &5   resume key
           key_right                 kcuf1  kr   right-arrow key
           key_save                  ksav   &6   save key
           key_sbeg                  kBEG   &9   shifted begin key
           key_scancel               kCAN   &0   shifted cancel key
           key_scommand              kCMD   *1   shifted command key
           key_scopy                 kCPY   *2   shifted copy key
           key_screate               kCRT   *3   shifted create key
           key_sdc                   kDC    *4   shifted delete-char-
                                                 acter key
           key_sdl                   kDL    *5   shifted delete-line
                                                 key
           key_select                kslt   *6   select key
           key_send                  kEND   *7   shifted end key
           key_seol                  kEOL   *8   shifted clear-to-
                                                 end-of-line key
           key_sexit                 kEXT   *9   shifted exit key
           key_sf                    kind   kF   scroll-forward key
           key_sfind                 kFND   *0   shifted find key
           key_shelp                 kHLP   #1   shifted help key
           key_shome                 kHOM   #2   shifted home key
           key_sic                   kIC    #3   shifted insert-char-
                                                 acter key
           key_sleft                 kLFT   #4   shifted left-arrow
                                                 key
           key_smessage              kMSG   %a   shifted message key
           key_smove                 kMOV   %b   shifted move key
           key_snext                 kNXT   %c   shifted next key
           key_soptions              kOPT   %d   shifted options key
           key_sprevious             kPRV   %e   shifted previous key
           key_sprint                kPRT   %f   shifted print key
           key_sr                    kri    kR   scroll-backward key
           key_sredo                 kRDO   %g   shifted redo key
           key_sreplace              kRPL   %h   shifted replace key
           key_sright                kRIT   %i   shifted right-arrow
                                                 key
           key_srsume                kRES   %j   shifted resume key
           key_ssave                 kSAV   !1   shifted save key
           key_ssuspend              kSPD   !2   shifted suspend key
           key_stab                  khts   kT   set-tab key
           key_sundo                 kUND   !3   shifted undo key
           key_suspend               kspd   &7   suspend key
           key_undo                  kund   &8   undo key
           key_up                    kcuu1  ku   up-arrow key
           keypad_local              rmkx   ke   leave 'key-
                                                 board_transmit' mode
           keypad_xmit               smkx   ks   enter 'key-
                                                 board_transmit' mode
           lab_f0                    lf0    l0   label on function
                                                 key f0 if not f0
           lab_f1                    lf1    l1   label on function
                                                 key f1 if not f1
           lab_f10                   lf10   la   label on function
                                                 key f10 if not f10
           lab_f2                    lf2    l2   label on function
                                                 key f2 if not f2
           lab_f3                    lf3    l3   label on function
                                                 key f3 if not f3
           lab_f4                    lf4    l4   label on function
                                                 key f4 if not f4

           lab_f5                    lf5    l5   label on function
                                                 key f5 if not f5
           lab_f6                    lf6    l6   label on function
                                                 key f6 if not f6
           lab_f7                    lf7    l7   label on function
                                                 key f7 if not f7
           lab_f8                    lf8    l8   label on function
                                                 key f8 if not f8
           lab_f9                    lf9    l9   label on function
                                                 key f9 if not f9
           label_format              fln    Lf   label format
           label_off                 rmln   LF   turn off soft labels
           label_on                  smln   LO   turn on soft labels
           meta_off                  rmm    mo   turn off meta mode
           meta_on                   smm    mm   turn on meta mode
                                                 (8th-bit on)
           micro_column_address      mhpa   ZY   Like column_address
                                                 in micro mode
           micro_down                mcud1  ZZ   Like cursor_down in
                                                 micro mode
           micro_left                mcub1  Za   Like cursor_left in
                                                 micro mode
           micro_right               mcuf1  Zb   Like cursor_right in
                                                 micro mode
           micro_row_address         mvpa   Zc   Like row_address #1
                                                 in micro mode
           micro_up                  mcuu1  Zd   Like cursor_up in
                                                 micro mode
           newline                   nel    nw   newline (behave like
                                                 cr followed by lf)
           order_of_pins             porder Ze   Match software bits
                                                 to print-head pins
           orig_colors               oc     oc   Set all color pairs
                                                 to the original ones
           orig_pair                 op     op   Set default pair to
                                                 its original value
           pad_char                  pad    pc   padding char
                                                 (instead of null)
           parm_dch                  dch    DC   delete #1 characters
                                                 (P*)
           parm_delete_line          dl     DL   delete #1 lines (P*)
           parm_down_cursor          cud    DO   down #1 lines (P*)
           parm_down_micro           mcud   Zf   Like parm_down_cur-
                                                 sor in micro mode
           parm_ich                  ich    IC   insert #1 characters
                                                 (P*)
           parm_index                indn   SF   scroll forward #1
                                                 lines (P)
           parm_insert_line          il     AL   insert #1 lines (P*)
           parm_left_cursor          cub    LE   move #1 characters
                                                 to the left (P)
           parm_left_micro           mcub   Zg   Like parm_left_cur-
                                                 sor in micro mode
           parm_right_cursor         cuf    RI   move #1 characters
                                                 to the right (P*)
           parm_right_micro          mcuf   Zh   Like parm_right_cur-
                                                 sor in micro mode
           parm_rindex               rin    SR   scroll back #1 lines
                                                 (P)
           parm_up_cursor            cuu    UP   up #1 lines (P*)
           parm_up_micro             mcuu   Zi   Like parm_up_cursor
                                                 in micro mode
           pkey_key                  pfkey  pk   program function key
                                                 #1 to type string #2

           pkey_local                pfloc  pl   program function key
                                                 #1 to execute string
                                                 #2
           pkey_xmit                 pfx    px   program function key
                                                 #1 to transmit
                                                 string #2
           plab_norm                 pln    pn   program label #1 to
                                                 show string #2
           print_screen              mc0    ps   print contents of
                                                 screen
           prtr_non                  mc5p   pO   turn on printer for
                                                 #1 bytes
           prtr_off                  mc4    pf   turn off printer
           prtr_on                   mc5    po   turn on printer
           pulse                     pulse  PU   select pulse dialing
           quick_dial                qdial  QD   dial number #1 with-
                                                 out checking
           remove_clock              rmclk  RC   remove clock
           repeat_char               rep    rp   repeat char #1 #2
                                                 times (P*)
           req_for_input             rfi    RF   send next input char
                                                 (for ptys)
           reset_1string             rs1    r1   reset string
           reset_2string             rs2    r2   reset string
           reset_3string             rs3    r3   reset string
           reset_file                rf     rf   name of reset file
           restore_cursor            rc     rc   restore cursor to
                                                 position of last
                                                 save_cursor
           row_address               vpa    cv   vertical position #1
                                                 absolute (P)
           save_cursor               sc     sc   save current cursor
                                                 position (P)
           scroll_forward            ind    sf   scroll text up (P)
           scroll_reverse            ri     sr   scroll text down (P)
           select_char_set           scs    Zj   Select character
                                                 set, #1
           set_attributes            sgr    sa   define video
                                                 attributes #1-#9
                                                 (PG9)
           set_background            setb   Sb   Set background color
                                                 #1
           set_bottom_margin         smgb   Zk   Set bottom margin at
                                                 current line
           set_bottom_margin_parm    smgbp  Zl   Set bottom margin at
                                                 line #1 or (if smgtp
                                                 is not given) #2
                                                 lines from bottom
           set_clock                 sclk   SC   set clock, #1 hrs #2
                                                 mins #3 secs
           set_color_pair            scp    sp   Set current color
                                                 pair to #1
           set_foreground            setf   Sf   Set foreground color
                                                 #1
           set_left_margin           smgl   ML   set left soft margin
                                                 at current column.
                                                 See smgl. (ML is not
                                                 in BSD termcap).
           set_left_margin_parm      smglp  Zm   Set left (right)
                                                 margin at column #1
           set_right_margin          smgr   MR   set right soft mar-
                                                 gin at current col-
                                                 umn
           set_right_margin_parm     smgrp  Zn   Set right margin at
                                                 column #1

           set_tab                   hts    st   set a tab in every
                                                 row, current columns
           set_top_margin            smgt   Zo   Set top margin at
                                                 current line
           set_top_margin_parm       smgtp  Zp   Set top (bottom)
                                                 margin at row #1
           set_window                wind   wi   current window is
                                                 lines #1-#2 cols
                                                 #3-#4
           start_bit_image           sbim   Zq   Start printing bit
                                                 image graphics
           start_char_set_def        scsd   Zr   Start character set
                                                 definition #1, with
                                                 #2 characters in the
                                                 set
           stop_bit_image            rbim   Zs   Stop printing bit
                                                 image graphics
           stop_char_set_def         rcsd   Zt   End definition of
                                                 character set #1
           subscript_characters      subcs  Zu   List of subscript-
                                                 able characters
           superscript_characters    supcs  Zv   List of superscript-
                                                 able characters
           tab                       ht     ta   tab to next 8-space
                                                 hardware tab stop
           these_cause_cr            docr   Zw   Printing any of
                                                 these characters
                                                 causes CR
           to_status_line            tsl    ts   move to status line,
                                                 column #1
           tone                      tone   TO   select touch tone
                                                 dialing
           underline_char            uc     uc   underline char and
                                                 move past it
           up_half_line              hu     hu   half a line up
           user0                     u0     u0   User string #0
           user1                     u1     u1   User string #1
           user2                     u2     u2   User string #2
           user3                     u3     u3   User string #3
           user4                     u4     u4   User string #4
           user5                     u5     u5   User string #5
           user6                     u6     u6   User string #6
           user7                     u7     u7   User string #7
           user8                     u8     u8   User string #8
           user9                     u9     u9   User string #9
           wait_tone                 wait   WA   wait for dial-tone
           xoff_character            xoffc  XF   XOFF character
           xon_character             xonc   XN   XON character
           zero_motion               zerom  Zx   No motion for subse-
                                                 quent character

           The following  string  capabilities  are  present  in  the
           SVr4.0  term structure, but were originally not documented
           in the man page.

                   Variable          Cap-     TCap    Description
                    String           name     Code
           alt_scancode_esc          scesa    S8   Alternate escape
                                                   for scancode emu-
                                                   lation
           bit_image_carriage_return bicr     Yv   Move to beginning
                                                   of same row
           bit_image_newline         binel    Zz   Move to next row
                                                   of the bit image

           bit_image_repeat          birep    Xy   Repeat bit image
                                                   cell #1 #2 times
           char_set_names            csnm     Zy   Produce #1'th item
                                                   from list of char-
                                                   acter set names
           code_set_init             csin     ci   Init sequence for
                                                   multiple codesets
           color_names               colornm  Yw   Give name for
                                                   color #1
           define_bit_image_region   defbi    Yx   Define rectangular
                                                   bit image region
           device_type               devt     dv   Indicate lan-
                                                   guage/codeset sup-
                                                   port
           display_pc_char           dispc    S1   Display PC charac-
                                                   ter #1
           end_bit_image_region      endbi    Yy   End a bit-image
                                                   region
           enter_pc_charset_mode     smpch    S2   Enter PC character
                                                   display mode
           enter_scancode_mode       smsc     S4   Enter PC scancode
                                                   mode
           exit_pc_charset_mode      rmpch    S3   Exit PC character
                                                   display mode
           exit_scancode_mode        rmsc     S5   Exit PC scancode
                                                   mode
           get_mouse                 getm     Gm   Curses should get
                                                   button events,
                                                   parameter #1 not
                                                   documented.
           key_mouse                 kmous    Km   Mouse event has
                                                   occurred
           mouse_info                minfo    Mi   Mouse status
                                                   information
           pc_term_options           pctrm    S6   PC terminal
                                                   options
           pkey_plab                 pfxl     xl   Program function
                                                   key #1 to type
                                                   string #2 and show
                                                   string #3
           req_mouse_pos             reqmp    RQ   Request mouse
                                                   position
           scancode_escape           scesc    S7   Escape for scan-
                                                   code emulation
           set0_des_seq              s0ds     s0   Shift to codeset 0
                                                   (EUC set 0, ASCII)
           set1_des_seq              s1ds     s1   Shift to codeset 1
           set2_des_seq              s2ds     s2   Shift to codeset 2
           set3_des_seq              s3ds     s3   Shift to codeset 3
           set_a_background          setab    AB   Set background
                                                   color to #1, using
                                                   ANSI escape
           set_a_foreground          setaf    AF   Set foreground
                                                   color to #1, using
                                                   ANSI escape
           set_color_band            setcolor Yz   Change to ribbon
                                                   color #1
           set_lr_margin             smglr    ML   Set both left and
                                                   right margins to
                                                   #1, #2.  (ML is
                                                   not in BSD term-
                                                   cap).
           set_page_length           slines   YZ   Set page length to
                                                   #1 lines

           set_tb_margin             smgtb    MT   Sets both top and
                                                   bottom margins to
                                                   #1, #2

            The XSI Curses standard added  these  hardcopy  capabili-
            ties.  They were used in some post-4.1 versions of System
            V curses, e.g., Solaris 2.5 and IRIX 6.x.  Except for YI,
            the ncurses termcap names for them are invented.  Accord-
            ing to the XSI Curses  standard,  they  have  no  termcap
            names.  If your compiled terminfo entries use these, they
            may not  be  binary-compatible  with  System  V  terminfo
            entries after SVr4.1; beware!

                    Variable         Cap-   TCap     Description
                     String          name   Code
            enter_horizontal_hl_mode ehhlm  Xh   Enter horizontal
                                                 highlight mode
            enter_left_hl_mode       elhlm  Xl   Enter left highlight
                                                 mode
            enter_low_hl_mode        elohlm Xo   Enter low highlight
                                                 mode
            enter_right_hl_mode      erhlm  Xr   Enter right high-
                                                 light mode
            enter_top_hl_mode        ethlm  Xt   Enter top highlight
                                                 mode
            enter_vertical_hl_mode   evhlm  Xv   Enter vertical high-
                                                 light mode
            set_a_attributes         sgr1   sA   Define second set of
                                                 video attributes
                                                 #1-#6
            set_pglen_inch           slengthYI   Set page length to
                                                 #1 hundredth of an
                                                 inch (some implemen-
                                                 tations use sL for
                                                 termcap).

### User-Defined Capabilities

           The  preceding section listed the predefined capabilities.
           They deal with some  special  features  for  terminals  no
           longer  (or  possibly never) produced.  Occasionally there
           are special features of newer terminals which are  awkward
           or impossible to represent by reusing the predefined capa-
           bilities.

           ncurses addresses this limitation by allowing user-defined
           capabilities.  The tic and infocmp programs provide the -x
           option for this purpose.   When  -x  is  set,  tic  treats
           unknown  capabilities  as  user-defined.   That is, if tic
           encounters a capability name which it does not  recognize,
           it  infers  its  type (boolean, number or string) from the
           syntax and makes an extended table entry for that capabil-
           ity.   The use_extended_names function makes this informa-
           tion conditionally available to applications.  The ncurses
           library  provides the data leaving most of the behavior to
           applications:

           o   User-defined capability strings whose name begins with
               "k" are treated as function keys.

           o   The  types (boolean, number, string) determined by tic
               can be inferred by successful calls on tigetflag, etc.

           o   If the capability name happens to be  two  characters,
               the  capability  is also available through the termcap
               interface.

           While termcap is said to be extensible because it does not
           use  a  predefined set of capabilities, in practice it has
           been limited  to  the  capabilities  defined  by  terminfo
           implementations.   As  a  rule,  user-defined capabilities
           intended for use by termcap applications should be limited
           to  booleans  and  numbers  to avoid running past the 1023
           byte limit assumed by termcap  implementations  and  their
           applications.   In  particular, providing extended sets of
           function keys (past the 60 numbered keys and  the  handful
           of special named keys) is best done using the longer names
           available using terminfo.

### A Sample Entry

           The following entry, describing an ANSI-standard terminal,
           is  representative  of  what a terminfo entry for a modern
           terminal typically looks like.

           ansi|ansi/pc-term compatible with color,
                   am, mc5i, mir, msgr,
                   colors#8, cols#80, it#8, lines#24, ncv#3, pairs#64,
                   acsc=+\020\,\021-\030.^Y0\333`\004a\261f\370g\361h\260
                        j\331k\277l\332m\300n\305o~p\304q\304r\304s_t\303
                        u\264v\301w\302x\263y\363z\362{\343|\330}\234~\376,
                   bel=^G, blink=\E[5m, bold=\E[1m, cbt=\E[Z, clear=\E[H\E[J,
                   cr=^M, cub=\E[%p1%dD, cub1=\E[D, cud=\E[%p1%dB, cud1=\E[B,
                   cuf=\E[%p1%dC, cuf1=\E[C, cup=\E[%i%p1%d;%p2%dH,
                   cuu=\E[%p1%dA, cuu1=\E[A, dch=\E[%p1%dP, dch1=\E[P,
                   dl=\E[%p1%dM, dl1=\E[M, ech=\E[%p1%dX, ed=\E[J, el=\E[K,
                   el1=\E[1K, home=\E[H, hpa=\E[%i%p1%dG, ht=\E[I, hts=\EH,
                   ich=\E[%p1%d@, il=\E[%p1%dL, il1=\E[L, ind=^J,
                   indn=\E[%p1%dS, invis=\E[8m, kbs=^H, kcbt=\E[Z, kcub1=\E[D,
                   kcud1=\E[B, kcuf1=\E[C, kcuu1=\E[A, khome=\E[H, kich1=\E[L,
                   mc4=\E[4i, mc5=\E[5i, nel=\r\E[S, op=\E[39;49m,
                   rep=%p1%c\E[%p2%{1}%-%db, rev=\E[7m, rin=\E[%p1%dT,
                   rmacs=\E[10m, rmpch=\E[10m, rmso=\E[m, rmul=\E[m,
                   s0ds=\E(B, s1ds=\E)B, s2ds=\E*B, s3ds=\E+B,
                   setab=\E[4%p1%dm, setaf=\E[3%p1%dm,
                   sgr=\E[0;10%?%p1%t;7%;
                              %?%p2%t;4%;
                              %?%p3%t;7%;
                              %?%p4%t;5%;
                              %?%p6%t;1%;
                              %?%p7%t;8%;
                              %?%p9%t;11%;m,
                   sgr0=\E[0;10m, smacs=\E[11m, smpch=\E[11m, smso=\E[7m,
                   smul=\E[4m, tbc=\E[3g, u6=\E[%i%d;%dR, u7=\E[6n,
                   u8=\E[?%[;0123456789]c, u9=\E[c, vpa=\E[%i%p1%dd,

           Entries may continue onto multiple lines by placing  white
           space  at  the  beginning  of  each line except the first.
           Comments may be included  on  lines  beginning  with  "#".
           Capabilities in terminfo are of three types:

           o   Boolean  capabilities which indicate that the terminal
               has some particular feature,

           o   numeric capabilities giving the size of  the  terminal
               or the size of particular delays, and

           o   string  capabilities,  which give a sequence which can
               be used to perform particular terminal operations.

### Types of Capabilities

           All capabilities have names.  For instance, the fact  that
           ANSI-standard  terminals  have automatic margins (i.e., an
           automatic return and line-feed when the end of a  line  is
           reached)  is  indicated  by  the capability am.  Hence the
           description of ansi includes am.  Numeric capabilities are
           followed  by  the character "#" and then a positive value.
           Thus cols, which indicates the number of columns the  ter-
           minal  has,  gives  the  value  "80" for ansi.  Values for
           numeric capabilities may be specified in decimal, octal or
           hexadecimal,  using the C programming language conventions
           (e.g., 255, 0377 and 0xff or 0xFF).

           Finally, string valued capabilities, such as el (clear  to
           end of line sequence) are given by the two-character code,
           an "=", and then a string ending  at  the  next  following
           ",".

           A  number  of  escape sequences are provided in the string
           valued capabilities for easy encoding of characters there.
           Both  \E  and  \e map to an ESCAPE character, ^x maps to a
           control-x for any appropriate x, and the sequences  \n  \l
           \r  \t  \b  \f  \s give a newline, line-feed, return, tab,
           backspace, form-feed, and space.  Other escapes include

           o   \^ for ^,

           o   \\ for \,

           o   \, for comma,

           o   \: for :,

           o   and \0 for null.

               \0 will produce  \200,  which  does  not  terminate  a
               string  but behaves as a null character on most termi-
               nals, providing CS7 is specified.  See stty(1).

               The reason for this quirk is to maintain  binary  com-
               patibility  of  the compiled terminfo files with other
               implementations, e.g., the SVr4 systems,  which  docu-
               ment  this.   Compiled  terminfo files use null-termi-
               nated strings, with no lengths.  Modifying this  would
               require a new binary format, which would not work with
               other implementations.

           Finally, characters may be given  as  three  octal  digits
           after a \.

           A  delay  in  milliseconds may appear anywhere in a string
           capability, enclosed in $<..> brackets, as in  el=\EK$<5>,
           and  padding  characters  are supplied by tputs to provide
           this delay.  The delay must be a number with at  most  one
           decimal place of precision; it may be followed by suffixes
           "*" or "/" or both.  A  "*"  indicates  that  the  padding
           required  is  proportional to the number of lines affected
           by the  operation,  and  the  amount  given  is  the  per-
           affected-unit  padding  required.   (In the case of insert
           character,  the  factor  is  still  the  number  of  lines
           affected.)   Normally,  padding  is advisory if the device
           has the xon capability; it is used  for  cost  computation
           but  does not trigger delays.  A "/" suffix indicates that
           the padding is mandatory and forces a delay of  the  given
           number  of  milliseconds  even on devices for which xon is
           present to indicate flow control.

           Sometimes individual capabilities must be  commented  out.
           To  do this, put a period before the capability name.  For
           example, see the second ind in the example above.

### Fetching Compiled Descriptions

           The ncurses library searches for terminal descriptions  in
           several places.  It uses only the first description found.
           The library has a compiled-in list  of  places  to  search
           which  can be overridden by environment variables.  Before
           starting to search, ncurses eliminates duplicates  in  its
           search list.

           o   If  the  environment  variable  TERMINFO is set, it is
               interpreted as the pathname of a directory  containing
               the  compiled  description  you  are working on.  Only
               that directory is searched.

           o   If TERMINFO is not set, ncurses will instead  look  in
               the  directory $HOME/.terminfo for a compiled descrip-
               tion.

           o   Next, if the  environment  variable  TERMINFO_DIRS  is
               set, ncurses will interpret the contents of that vari-
               able as a  list  of  colon-separated  directories  (or
               database files) to be searched.

               An  empty directory name (i.e., if the variable begins
               or ends with a colon, or contains adjacent colons)  is
               interpreted  as  the  system  location /usr/share/ter-
               minfo.

           o   Finally, ncurses searches these compiled-in locations:

               o   a          list           of           directories
                   (/usr/local/ncurses/share/terminfo:/usr/share/ter-
                   minfo), and

               o   the system terminfo directory, /usr/share/terminfo
                   (the compiled-in default).

### Preparing Descriptions

           We  now  outline how to prepare descriptions of terminals.
           The most effective way to prepare a  terminal  description
           is  by  imitating the description of a similar terminal in
           terminfo and to build up a  description  gradually,  using
           partial descriptions with vi or some other screen-oriented
           program to check that they are correct.  Be aware  that  a
           very unusual terminal may expose deficiencies in the abil-
           ity of the terminfo file to describe it  or  bugs  in  the
           screen-handling code of the test program.

           To  get the padding for insert line right (if the terminal
           manufacturer did not document it) a severe test is to edit
           a  large file at 9600 baud, delete 16 or so lines from the
           middle of the screen, then hit the "u" key  several  times
           quickly.   If the terminal messes up, more padding is usu-
           ally needed.  A similar test can be used for insert  char-
           acter.

### Basic Capabilities

           The  number  of  columns  on each line for the terminal is
           given by the cols numeric capability.  If the terminal  is
           a  CRT, then the number of lines on the screen is given by
           the lines capability.  If the terminal wraps around to the
           beginning  of the next line when it reaches the right mar-
           gin, then it should have the am capability.  If the termi-
           nal  can  clear its screen, leaving the cursor in the home
           position, then this is given by the clear string  capabil-
           ity.   If the terminal overstrikes (rather than clearing a
           position when a character is struck over) then  it  should
           have  the  os  capability.   If the terminal is a printing
           terminal, with no soft copy unit, give it both hc and  os.
           (os  applies to storage scope terminals, such as TEKTRONIX
           4010 series, as well as hard copy and APL terminals.)   If
           there is a code to move the cursor to the left edge of the
           current row, give this as cr.  (Normally this will be car-
           riage  return,  control M.)  If there is a code to produce
           an audible signal (bell, beep, etc) give this as bel.

           If there is a code to move the cursor one position to  the
           left  (such  as backspace) that capability should be given
           as cub1.  Similarly, codes to move to the right,  up,  and
           down should be given as cuf1, cuu1, and cud1.  These local
           cursor motions should not alter the text they  pass  over,
           for  example,  you would not normally use "cuf1= " because
           the space would erase the character moved over.

           A very important point  here  is  that  the  local  cursor
           motions  encoded in terminfo are undefined at the left and
           top edges  of  a  CRT  terminal.   Programs  should  never
           attempt  to  backspace  around the left edge, unless bw is
           given, and never attempt to go up locally off the top.  In
           order  to  scroll text up, a program will go to the bottom
           left corner of the screen and send the ind (index) string.

           To scroll text down, a program goes to the top left corner
           of  the  screen  and  sends the ri (reverse index) string.
           The strings ind and ri are undefined  when  not  on  their
           respective corners of the screen.

           Parameterized versions of the scrolling sequences are indn
           and rin which have the same semantics as ind and ri except
           that  they take one parameter, and scroll that many lines.
           They are also undefined except at the appropriate edge  of
           the screen.

           The  am  capability tells whether the cursor sticks at the
           right edge of the screen when text  is  output,  but  this
           does not necessarily apply to a cuf1 from the last column.
           The only local motion which is defined from the left  edge
           is  if  bw  is  given, then a cub1 from the left edge will
           move to the right edge of the previous row.  If bw is  not
           given,  the effect is undefined.  This is useful for draw-
           ing a box around the edge of the screen, for example.   If
           the  terminal has switch selectable automatic margins, the
           terminfo file usually assumes that this is on;  i.e.,  am.
           If  the  terminal  has  a command which moves to the first
           column of the next line, that command can be given as  nel
           (newline).   It  does not matter if the command clears the
           remainder of the current line, so if the terminal  has  no
           cr  and lf it may still be possible to craft a working nel
           out of one or both of them.

           These  capabilities  suffice  to  describe  hard-copy  and
           "glass-tty"  terminals.   Thus  the  model  33 teletype is
           described as

           33|tty33|tty|model 33 teletype,
                   bel=^G, cols#72, cr=^M, cud1=^J, hc, ind=^J, os,

           while the Lear Siegler ADM-3 is described as

           adm3|3|lsi adm3,
                   am, bel=^G, clear=^Z, cols#80, cr=^M, cub1=^H, cud1=^J,
                   ind=^J, lines#24,

### Parameterized Strings

           Cursor addressing and other strings  requiring  parameters
           in  the  terminal  are described by a parameterized string
           capability, with printf-like escapes such  as  %x  in  it.
           For  example, to address the cursor, the cup capability is
           given, using two parameters: the row and column to address
           to.  (Rows and columns are numbered from zero and refer to
           the physical screen visible to the user, not to any unseen
           memory.)   If  the  terminal  has  memory  relative cursor
           addressing, that can be indicated by mrcup.

           The parameter mechanism uses a stack and special  %  codes
           to  manipulate  it.  Typically a sequence will push one of
           the parameters onto the stack and then print  it  in  some
           format.   Print  (e.g.,  "%d")  is  a special case.  Other
           operations, including "%t"  pop  their  operand  from  the
           stack.  It is noted that more complex operations are often
           necessary, e.g., in the sgr string.

           The % encodings have the following meanings:

           %%   outputs "%"

           %[[:]flags][width[.precision]][doxXs]
                as in printf, flags are [-+#] and space.  Use  a  ":"
                to  allow the next character to be a "-" flag, avoid-
                ing interpreting "%-" as an operator.

           %c   print pop() like %c in printf

           %s   print pop() like %s in printf

           %p[1-9]
                push i'th parameter

           %P[a-z]
                set dynamic variable [a-z] to pop()

           %g[a-z]/
                get dynamic variable [a-z] and push it

           %P[A-Z]
                set static variable [a-z] to pop()

           %g[A-Z]
                get static variable [a-z] and push it

                The terms  "static"  and  "dynamic"  are  misleading.
                Historically,  these are simply two different sets of
                variables, whose values are not reset  between  calls
                to  tparm.   However,  that fact is not documented in
                other implementations.  Relying on it will  adversely
                impact portability to other implementations.

           %'c' char constant c

           %{nn}
                integer constant nn

           %l   push strlen(pop)

           %+, %-, %*, %/, %m
                arithmetic (%m is mod): push(pop() op pop())

           %&, %|, %^
                bit operations (AND, OR and exclusive-OR): push(pop()
                op pop())

           %=, %>, %<
                logical operations: push(pop() op pop())

           %A, %O
                logical AND and OR operations (for conditionals)

           %!, %~
                unary  operations  (logical  and   bit   complement):
                push(op pop())

           %i   add 1 to first two parameters (for ANSI terminals)

           %? expr %t thenpart %e elsepart %;
                This  forms  an  if-then-else.   The  %e  elsepart is
                optional.  Usually the %? expr part  pushes  a  value
                onto  the stack, and %t pops it from the stack, test-
                ing if it is nonzero (true).  If it is zero  (false),
                control passes to the %e (else) part.

                It is possible to form else-if's a la Algol 68:
                %? c1 %t b1 %e c2 %t b2 %e c3 %t b3 %e c4 %t b4 %e %;

                where ci are conditions, bi are bodies.

                Use the -f option of tic or infocmp to see the struc-
                ture of if-then-else's.  Some strings, e.g., sgr  can
                be very complicated when written on one line.  The -f
                option splits the string into lines  with  the  parts
                indented.

           Binary operations are in postfix form with the operands in
           the usual order.  That  is,  to  get  x-5  one  would  use
           "%gx%{5}%-".   %P  and  %g variables are persistent across
           escape-string evaluations.

           Consider the HP2645, which, to get to row 3 and column 12,
           needs  to  be  sent  \E&a12c03Y padded for 6 milliseconds.
           Note that the order of the rows and  columns  is  inverted
           here,  and that the row and column are printed as two dig-
           its.  Thus its cup capability is "cup=6\E&%p2%2dc%p1%2dY".

           The Microterm ACT-IV needs the current row and column sent
           preceded  by  a ^T, with the row and column simply encoded
           in binary, "cup=^T%p1%c%p2%c".  Terminals which  use  "%c"
           need  to  be  able  to backspace the cursor (cub1), and to
           move the cursor up one line on the screen (cuu1).  This is
           necessary  because it is not always safe to transmit \n ^D
           and \r, as the system may change or  discard  them.   (The
           library  routines  dealing  with terminfo set tty modes so
           that tabs are never expanded, so \t is safe to send.  This
           turns out to be essential for the Ann Arbor 4080.)

           A final example is the LSI ADM-3a, which uses row and col-
           umn  offset  by  a  blank  character,  thus  "cup=\E=%p1%'
           '%+%c%p2%'  '%+%c".   After sending "\E=", this pushes the
           first parameter, pushes the ASCII value for a space  (32),
           adds  them  (pushing  the sum on the stack in place of the
           two previous values) and outputs that value as  a  charac-
           ter.   Then  the  same  is  done for the second parameter.
           More complex arithmetic is possible using the stack.

### Cursor Motions

           If the terminal has a fast way to home the cursor (to very
           upper  left  corner  of  screen) then this can be given as
           home; similarly a fast way of getting to the  lower  left-
           hand  corner can be given as ll; this may involve going up
           with cuu1 from the home position,  but  a  program  should
           never  do this itself (unless ll does) because it can make
           no assumption about the effect of moving up from the  home
           position.   Note  that  the  home  position is the same as
           addressing to (0,0): to the top left corner of the screen,
           not  of  memory.   (Thus, the \EH sequence on HP terminals
           cannot be used for home.)

           If the terminal has row or column absolute cursor address-
           ing,  these  can be given as single parameter capabilities
           hpa (horizontal position absolute) and vpa (vertical posi-
           tion absolute).  Sometimes these are shorter than the more
           general two parameter sequence (as with  the  hp2645)  and
           can be used in preference to cup.  If there are parameter-
           ized local motions (e.g., move  n  spaces  to  the  right)
           these can be given as cud, cub, cuf, and cuu with a single
           parameter indicating how many spaces to move.   These  are
           primarily  useful  if the terminal does not have cup, such
           as the TEKTRONIX 4025.

           If the terminal needs to be in a special mode when running
           a program that uses these capabilities, the codes to enter
           and exit this mode can be given as smcup and rmcup.   This
           arises,  for example, from terminals like the Concept with
           more than one page of memory.  If the  terminal  has  only
           memory  relative cursor addressing and not screen relative
           cursor addressing, a one screen-sized window must be fixed
           into  the terminal for cursor addressing to work properly.
           This is also used for the TEKTRONIX 4025, where smcup sets
           the  command character to be the one used by terminfo.  If
           the smcup sequence will not restore the  screen  after  an
           rmcup sequence is output (to the state prior to outputting
           rmcup), specify nrrmc.

### Area Clears

           If the terminal can clear from the current position to the
           end  of  the  line,  leaving  the cursor where it is, this
           should be given as el.  If the terminal can clear from the
           beginning  of  the line to the current position inclusive,
           leaving the cursor where it is, this should  be  given  as
           el1.   If the terminal can clear from the current position
           to the end of the display, then this should  be  given  as
           ed.   Ed  is only defined from the first column of a line.
           (Thus, it can be simulated by a request to delete a  large
           number of lines, if a true ed is not available.)

### Insert/delete line and vertical motions

           If  the terminal can open a new blank line before the line
           where the cursor is, this should be given as il1; this  is
           done  only  from the first position of a line.  The cursor
           must then appear on the newly blank line.  If the terminal
           can  delete  the  line  which  the cursor is on, then this
           should be given as dl1; this is done only from  the  first
           position  on  the line to be deleted.  Versions of il1 and
           dl1 which take a single parameter  and  insert  or  delete
           that many lines can be given as il and dl.

           If  the terminal has a settable scrolling region (like the
           vt100) the command to set this can be described  with  the
           csr  capability,  which  takes two parameters: the top and
           bottom lines of the scrolling region.  The cursor position
           is, alas, undefined after using this command.

           It  is possible to get the effect of insert or delete line
           using csr on a properly chosen region; the sc and rc (save
           and  restore  cursor)  commands may be useful for ensuring
           that your synthesized insert/delete string does  not  move
           the  cursor.  (Note that the ncurses(3x) library does this
           synthesis  automatically,  so   you   need   not   compose
           insert/delete strings for an entry with csr).

           Yet another way to construct insert and delete might be to
           use a combination of index with  the  memory-lock  feature
           found  on some terminals (like the HP-700/90 series, which
           however also has insert/delete).

           Inserting lines at the top or bottom  of  the  screen  can
           also  be  done using ri or ind on many terminals without a
           true insert/delete line, and is often faster even on  ter-
           minals with those features.

           The  boolean  non_dest_scroll_region should be set if each
           scrolling window is effectively a view port on  a  screen-
           sized  canvas.   To  test  for  this  capability, create a
           scrolling region in the middle of the screen, write  some-
           thing  to  the  bottom line, move the cursor to the top of
           the region, and do ri followed by dl1 or ind.  If the data
           scrolled  off  the  bottom  of  the  region  by the ri re-
           appears, then scrolling is non-destructive.  System V  and
           XSI  Curses  expect that ind, ri, indn, and rin will simu-
           late destructive scrolling; their  documentation  cautions
           you  not  to  define csr unless this is true.  This curses
           implementation is more liberal and will do explicit erases
           after scrolling if ndstr is defined.

           If the terminal has the ability to define a window as part
           of memory, which all commands affect, it should  be  given
           as the parameterized string wind.  The four parameters are
           the starting and ending lines in memory and  the  starting
           and ending columns in memory, in that order.

           If  the terminal can retain display memory above, then the
           da capability should be given; if display  memory  can  be
           retained  below,  then db should be given.  These indicate
           that deleting a line  or  scrolling  may  bring  non-blank
           lines  up  from  below  or that scrolling back with ri may
           bring down non-blank lines.

### Insert/Delete Character

           There are two basic kinds of  intelligent  terminals  with
           respect  to insert/delete character which can be described
           using terminfo.  The most common  insert/delete  character
           operations  affect only the characters on the current line
           and shift characters off the  end  of  the  line  rigidly.
           Other  terminals,  such  as the Concept 100 and the Perkin
           Elmer Owl, make a distinction between  typed  and  untyped
           blanks  on  the  screen, shifting upon an insert or delete
           only to an untyped blank on the  screen  which  is  either
           eliminated, or expanded to two untyped blanks.

           You  can determine the kind of terminal you have by clear-
           ing the screen and then typing text  separated  by  cursor
           motions.   Type  "abc    def"  using  local cursor motions
           (not spaces) between the "abc" and the "def".  Then  posi-
           tion  the  cursor before the "abc" and put the terminal in
           insert mode.  If typing characters causes the rest of  the
           line  to shift rigidly and characters to fall off the end,
           then your terminal does not distinguish between blanks and
           untyped  positions.  If the "abc" shifts over to the "def"
           which then move together around the  end  of  the  current
           line  and onto the next as you insert, you have the second
           type of terminal, and should give the capability in, which
           stands for "insert null".

           While  these  are  two  logically separate attributes (one
           line versus multi-line insert mode, and special  treatment
           of  untyped spaces) we have seen no terminals whose insert
           mode cannot be described with the single attribute.

           Terminfo can describe both terminals which have an  insert
           mode, and terminals which send a simple sequence to open a
           blank position on the current  line.   Give  as  smir  the
           sequence  to  get  into  insert  mode.   Give  as rmir the
           sequence to leave insert  mode.   Now  give  as  ich1  any
           sequence needed to be sent just before sending the charac-
           ter to be inserted.  Most terminals  with  a  true  insert
           mode  will  not give ich1; terminals which send a sequence
           to open a screen position should give it here.

           If your terminal has both, insert mode is usually  prefer-
           able  to  ich1.   Technically,  you  should  not give both
           unless the terminal actually requires both to be  used  in
           combination.   Accordingly,  some  non-curses applications
           get confused if both are present; the symptom  is  doubled
           characters in an update using insert.  This requirement is
           now rare; most ich sequences do not require previous smir,
           and most smir insert modes do not require ich1 before each
           character.  Therefore, the  new  curses  actually  assumes
           this  is the case and uses either rmir/smir or ich/ich1 as
           appropriate (but not both).  If you have to write an entry
           to  be  used under new curses for a terminal old enough to
           need both, include the rmir/smir sequences in ich1.

           If post insert padding is needed, give this as a number of
           milliseconds  in ip (a string option).  Any other sequence
           which may need to be sent after  an  insert  of  a  single
           character may also be given in ip.  If your terminal needs
           both to be placed into an "insert mode" and a special code
           to  precede  each  inserted character, then both smir/rmir
           and ich1 can be given, and both will  be  used.   The  ich
           capability, with one parameter, n, will repeat the effects
           of ich1 n times.

           If padding is necessary between characters typed while not
           in insert mode, give this as a number of milliseconds pad-
           ding in rmp.

           It is occasionally  necessary  to  move  around  while  in
           insert  mode  to delete characters on the same line (e.g.,
           if there is a tab after the insertion position).  If  your
           terminal  allows  motion while in insert mode you can give
           the capability mir to speed up  inserting  in  this  case.
           Omitting  mir  will  affect  only  speed.   Some terminals
           (notably Datamedia's) must not have mir because of the way
           their insert mode works.

           Finally,  you  can specify dch1 to delete a single charac-
           ter, dch with one parameter, n, to  delete  n  characters,
           and  delete mode by giving smdc and rmdc to enter and exit
           delete mode (any mode the terminal needs to be  placed  in
           for dch1 to work).

           A  command to erase n characters (equivalent to outputting
           n blanks without moving the cursor) can be  given  as  ech
           with one parameter.

### Highlighting, Underlining, and Visible Bells

           If  your  terminal  has  one  or  more  kinds  of  display
           attributes, these can be represented in a number  of  dif-
           ferent ways.  You should choose one display form as stand-
           out mode, representing a good, high contrast, easy-on-the-
           eyes,  format  for  highlighting  error messages and other
           attention getters.  (If you have a choice,  reverse  video
           plus  half-bright  is  good, or reverse video alone.)  The
           sequences to enter and exit standout  mode  are  given  as
           smso  and  rmso, respectively.  If the code to change into
           or out of standout mode leaves one or even two blank  spa-
           ces  on  the  screen,  as the TVI 912 and Teleray 1061 do,
           then xmc should be given to tell how many spaces are left.

           Codes to begin underlining  and  end  underlining  can  be
           given  as smul and rmul respectively.  If the terminal has
           a code to underline the current  character  and  move  the
           cursor one space to the right, such as the Microterm Mime,
           this can be given as uc.

           Other capabilities to  enter  various  highlighting  modes
           include  blink  (blinking) bold (bold or extra bright) dim
           (dim or half-bright) invis (blanking  or  invisible  text)
           prot  (protected)  rev  (reverse video) sgr0 (turn off all
           attribute modes)  smacs  (enter  alternate  character  set
           mode)  and  rmacs  (exit  alternate  character  set mode).
           Turning on any of these modes singly may or may  not  turn
           off other modes.

           If  there  is  a sequence to set arbitrary combinations of
           modes, this should be given as sgr (set attributes),  tak-
           ing  9 parameters.  Each parameter is either 0 or nonzero,
           as the corresponding attribute is on or off.  The 9 param-
           eters  are, in order: standout, underline, reverse, blink,
           dim, bold, blank, protect, alternate character  set.   Not
           all  modes  need be supported by sgr, only those for which
           corresponding separate attribute commands exist.

           For example, the DEC vt220 supports most of the modes:

            tparm parameter      attribute        escape sequence

            none                 none             \E[0m
            p1                   standout         \E[0;1;7m
            p2                   underline        \E[0;4m
            p3                   reverse          \E[0;7m
            p4                   blink            \E[0;5m
            p5                   dim              not available
            p6                   bold             \E[0;1m
            p7                   invis            \E[0;8m
            p8                   protect          not used
            p9                   altcharset       ^O (off) ^N (on)

           We begin each escape sequence by turning off any  existing
           modes,  since  there  is no quick way to determine whether
           they are active.  Standout is set up to be the combination
           of  reverse  and  bold.   The vt220 terminal has a protect
           mode, though it is not commonly used  in  sgr  because  it
           protects  characters  on  the  screen from the host's era-
           sures.  The altcharset mode also is different in  that  it
           is  either ^O or ^N, depending on whether it is off or on.
           If all modes are turned  on,  the  resulting  sequence  is
           \E[0;1;4;5;7;8m^N.

           Some  sequences  are common to different modes.  For exam-
           ple, ;7 is output when either p1 or p3 is true,  that  is,
           if either standout or reverse modes are turned on.

           Writing  out  the above sequences, along with their depen-
           dencies yields

          sequence             when to output      terminfo translation

          \E[0                 always              \E[0
          ;1                   if p1 or p6         %?%p1%p6%|%t;1%;
          ;4                   if p2               %?%p2%|%t;4%;
          ;5                   if p4               %?%p4%|%t;5%;
          ;7                   if p1 or p3         %?%p1%p3%|%t;7%;
          ;8                   if p7               %?%p7%|%t;8%;
          m                    always              m
          ^N or ^O             if p9 ^N, else ^O   %?%p9%t^N%e^O%;

           Putting this all together into the sgr sequence gives:

               sgr=\E[0%?%p1%p6%|%t;1%;%?%p2%t;4%;%?%p4%t;5%;
                   %?%p1%p3%|%t;7%;%?%p7%t;8%;m%?%p9%t\016%e\017%;,

           Remember that if you specify sgr, you  must  also  specify
           sgr0.   Also, some implementations rely on sgr being given
           if sgr0 is, Not all terminfo entries necessarily  have  an
           sgr  string,  however.   Many terminfo entries are derived
           from termcap entries which have no sgr string.   The  only
           drawback  to  adding  an  sgr  string is that termcap also
           assumes that sgr0 does not exit  alternate  character  set
           mode.

           Terminals  with  the  "magic  cookie" glitch (xmc) deposit
           special   "cookies"   when   they   receive   mode-setting
           sequences,  which affect the display algorithm rather than
           having extra bits for  each  character.   Some  terminals,
           such  as  the  HP  2621, automatically leave standout mode
           when they move to a new line or the cursor  is  addressed.
           Programs  using  standout  mode  should exit standout mode
           before moving the cursor or sending a newline, unless  the
           msgr  capability,  asserting  that  it  is safe to move in
           standout mode, is present.

           If the terminal has a way of flashing the screen to  indi-
           cate  an  error quietly (a bell replacement) then this can
           be given as flash; it must not move the cursor.

           If the cursor needs to be made more  visible  than  normal
           when it is not on the bottom line (to make, for example, a
           non-blinking underline into an easier  to  find  block  or
           blinking underline) give this sequence as cvvis.  If there
           is a way to make the  cursor  completely  invisible,  give
           that as civis.  The capability cnorm should be given which
           undoes the effects of both of these modes.

           If your terminal correctly generates underlined characters
           (with  no  special  codes  needed) even though it does not
           overstrike, then you should give the capability ul.  If  a
           character  overstriking  another leaves both characters on
           the screen, specify the capability os.  If overstrikes are
           erasable  with  a  blank, then this should be indicated by
           giving eo.

### Keypad and Function Keys

           If the terminal has a keypad that transmits codes when the
           keys  are  pressed,  this  information can be given.  Note
           that it is not possible to handle terminals where the key-
           pad only works in local (this applies, for example, to the
           unshifted HP 2621 keys).  If the  keypad  can  be  set  to
           transmit  or  not  transmit,  give these codes as smkx and
           rmkx.  Otherwise the keypad is assumed to always transmit.

           The codes sent by the left arrow, right arrow,  up  arrow,
           down  arrow,  and  home keys can be given as kcub1, kcuf1,
           kcuu1, kcud1, and khome respectively.  If there are  func-
           tion  keys  such  as f0, f1, ..., f10, the codes they send
           can be given as kf0, kf1, ..., kf10.  If these  keys  have
           labels  other  than the default f0 through f10, the labels
           can be given as lf0, lf1, ..., lf10.

           The codes transmitted by certain other special keys can be
           given:

           o   kll (home down),

           o   kbs (backspace),

           o   ktbc (clear all tabs),

           o   kctab (clear the tab stop in this column),

           o   kclr (clear screen or erase key),

           o   kdch1 (delete character),

           o   kdl1 (delete line),

           o   krmir (exit insert mode),

           o   kel (clear to end of line),

           o   ked (clear to end of screen),

           o   kich1 (insert character or enter insert mode),

           o   kil1 (insert line),

           o   knp (next page),

           o   kpp (previous page),

           o   kind (scroll forward/down),

           o   kri (scroll backward/up),

           o   khts (set a tab stop in this column).

           In  addition,  if  the  keypad  has a 3 by 3 array of keys
           including the four arrow keys, the other five keys can  be
           given as ka1, ka3, kb2, kc1, and kc3.  These keys are use-
           ful when the effects of a  3  by  3  directional  pad  are
           needed.

           Strings  to  program  function keys can be given as pfkey,
           pfloc, and pfx.  A string to program screen labels  should
           be  specified  as  pln.   Each  of these strings takes two
           parameters: the function key number to program (from 0  to
           10)  and the string to program it with.  Function key num-
           bers out of this range may program  undefined  keys  in  a
           terminal  dependent  manner.   The  difference between the
           capabilities is that pfkey causes pressing the  given  key
           to  be the same as the user typing the given string; pfloc
           causes the string to be executed by the terminal in local;
           and  pfx  causes  the string to be transmitted to the com-
           puter.

           The capabilities nlab, lw and lh define the number of pro-
           grammable  screen  labels  and their width and height.  If
           there are commands to turn the labels  on  and  off,  give
           them  in smln and rmln.  smln is normally output after one
           or more pln sequences to make sure that the change becomes
           visible.

### Tabs and Initialization

           If  the terminal has hardware tabs, the command to advance
           to the next tab stop can be given as ht  (usually  control
           I).  A "back-tab" command which moves leftward to the pre-
           ceding tab stop can be given as cbt.   By  convention,  if
           the  teletype  modes indicate that tabs are being expanded
           by the computer rather than being sent  to  the  terminal,
           programs  should  not  use  ht  or  cbt  even  if they are
           present, since the user may not have the tab  stops  prop-
           erly  set.   If  the  terminal has hardware tabs which are
           initially set every n spaces when the terminal is  powered
           up,  the numeric parameter it is given, showing the number
           of spaces the tabs are set to.  This is normally  used  by
           the  tset command to determine whether to set the mode for
           hardware tab expansion, and whether to set the tab  stops.
           If  the  terminal  has tab stops that can be saved in non-
           volatile memory, the terminfo description can assume  that
           they are properly set.

           Other  capabilities include is1, is2, and is3, initializa-
           tion strings for the terminal, iprog, the path name  of  a
           program  to be run to initialize the terminal, and if, the
           name of a file  containing  long  initialization  strings.
           These  strings are expected to set the terminal into modes
           consistent with the  rest  of  the  terminfo  description.
           They are normally sent to the terminal, by the init option
           of the tput program, each time the  user  logs  in.   They
           will be printed in the following order:

                  run the program
                         iprog

                  output is1 is2

                  set the margins using
                         mgc, smgl and smgr

                  set tabs using
                         tbc and hts

                  print the file
                         if

                  and finally
                         output is3.

           Most  initialization  is  done with is2.  Special terminal
           modes can be set up without duplicating strings by putting
           the  common  sequences in is2 and special cases in is1 and
           is3.

           A set of sequences that does a harder reset from a totally
           unknown state can be given as rs1, rs2, rf and rs3, analo-
           gous to is1 ,  is2  ,  if  and  is3  respectively.   These
           strings  are  output  by  the reset program, which is used
           when the terminal gets into a wedged state.  Commands  are
           normally  placed  in rs1, rs2 rs3 and rf only if they pro-
           duce annoying effects on the screen and are not  necessary
           when  logging  in.   For  example,  the command to set the
           vt100 into 80-column mode would normally be part  of  is2,
           but  it causes an annoying glitch of the screen and is not
           normally needed since the terminal is usually  already  in
           80 column mode.

           The reset program writes strings including iprog, etc., in
           the same order as  the  init  program,  using  rs1,  etc.,
           instead of is1, etc.  If any of rs1, rs2, rs3, or rf reset
           capability strings are missing, the  reset  program  falls
           back  upon  the  corresponding  initialization  capability
           string.

           If there are commands to set and clear tab stops, they can
           be  given  as tbc (clear all tab stops) and hts (set a tab
           stop in the current column of every row).  If a more  com-
           plex  sequence  is  needed  to  set  the  tabs than can be
           described by this, the sequence can be placed  in  is2  or
           if.

### Delays and Padding

           Many  older  and  slower  terminals  do not support either
           XON/XOFF or DTR handshaking, including hard copy terminals
           and  some  very  archaic CRTs (including, for example, DEC
           VT100s).  These may require padding characters after  cer-
           tain cursor motions and screen changes.

           If the terminal uses xon/xoff handshaking for flow control
           (that is, it automatically emits ^S back to the host  when
           its input buffers are close to full), set xon.  This capa-
           bility suppresses the emission of padding.  You  can  also
           set  it for memory-mapped console devices effectively that
           do not have a speed  limit.   Padding  information  should
           still  be  included so that routines can make better deci-
           sions about relative costs, but actual pad characters will
           not be transmitted.

           If  pb (padding baud rate) is given, padding is suppressed
           at baud rates below the value of pb.  If the entry has  no
           padding  baud rate, then whether padding is emitted or not
           is completely controlled by xon.

           If the terminal requires other than a null (zero)  charac-
           ter  as  a  pad,  then this can be given as pad.  Only the
           first character of the pad string is used.

### Status Lines

           Some terminals have an extra "status line"  which  is  not
           normally  used  by  software  (and thus not counted in the
           terminal's lines capability).

           The simplest case  is  a  status  line  which  is  cursor-
           addressable  but  not part of the main scrolling region on
           the screen; the Heathkit H19 has a  status  line  of  this
           kind,  as  would  a 24-line VT100 with a 23-line scrolling
           region set up on initialization.  This situation is  indi-
           cated by the hs capability.

           Some terminals with status lines need special sequences to
           access the status line.   These  may  be  expressed  as  a
           string with single parameter tsl which takes the cursor to
           a given zero-origin column on the status line.  The  capa-
           bility fsl must return to the main-screen cursor positions
           before the last tsl.  You may need  to  embed  the  string
           values  of sc (save cursor) and rc (restore cursor) in tsl
           and fsl to accomplish this.

           The status line is normally assumed to be the  same  width
           as  the width of the terminal.  If this is untrue, you can
           specify it with the numeric capability wsl.

           A command to erase or blank the status line may be  speci-
           fied as dsl.

           The   boolean   capability  eslok  specifies  that  escape
           sequences, tabs, etc., work ordinarily in the status line.

           The ncurses implementation does not yet use any  of  these
           capabilities.   They are documented here in case they ever
           become important.

### Line Graphics

           Many terminals have alternate character  sets  useful  for
           forms-drawing.   Terminfo  and curses build in support for
           the drawing characters supported by the VT100,  with  some
           characters  from  the  AT&T  4410v1 added.  This alternate
           character set may be specified by the acsc capability.

           Glyph                       ACS           Ascii     VT100
           Name                        Name          Default   Name
           UK pound sign               ACS_STERLING  f         }
           arrow pointing down         ACS_DARROW    v         .
           arrow pointing left         ACS_LARROW    <         ,
           arrow pointing right        ACS_RARROW    >         +
           arrow pointing up           ACS_UARROW    ^         -
           board of squares            ACS_BOARD     #         h
           bullet                      ACS_BULLET    o         ~
           checker board (stipple)     ACS_CKBOARD   :         a
           degree symbol               ACS_DEGREE    \         f
           diamond                     ACS_DIAMOND   +         `
           greater-than-or-equal-to    ACS_GEQUAL    >         z
           greek pi                    ACS_PI        *         {
           horizontal line             ACS_HLINE     -         q
           lantern symbol              ACS_LANTERN   #         i
           large plus or crossover     ACS_PLUS      +         n
           less-than-or-equal-to       ACS_LEQUAL    <         y
           lower left corner           ACS_LLCORNER  +         m
           lower right corner          ACS_LRCORNER  +         j
           not-equal                   ACS_NEQUAL    !         |
           plus/minus                  ACS_PLMINUS   #         g
           scan line 1                 ACS_S1        ~         o
           scan line 3                 ACS_S3        -         p
           scan line 7                 ACS_S7        -         r
           scan line 9                 ACS_S9        _         s
           solid square block          ACS_BLOCK     #         0
           tee pointing down           ACS_TTEE      +         w
           tee pointing left           ACS_RTEE      +         u
           tee pointing right          ACS_LTEE      +         t
           tee pointing up             ACS_BTEE      +         v
           upper left corner           ACS_ULCORNER  +         l
           upper right corner          ACS_URCORNER  +         k
           vertical line               ACS_VLINE     |         x

           The best way to define a new device's graphics set  is  to
           add  a  column  to a copy of this table for your terminal,
           giving  the  character   which   (when   emitted   between
           smacs/rmacs  switches) will be rendered as the correspond-
           ing graphic.  Then read off the VT100/your terminal  char-
           acter  pairs  right  to left in sequence; these become the
           ACSC string.

### Color Handling

           Most color terminals are either "Tektronix-like"  or  "HP-
           like".   Tektronix-like terminals have a predefined set of
           N colors (where N usually 8), and can  set  character-cell
           foreground and background characters independently, mixing
           them into N * N color-pairs.  On  HP-like  terminals,  the
           use must set each color pair up separately (foreground and
           background are  not  independently  settable).   Up  to  M
           color-pairs  may  be  set  up  from  2*M different colors.
           ANSI-compatible terminals are Tektronix-like.

           Some basic color capabilities are independent of the color
           method.  The numeric capabilities colors and pairs specify
           the maximum numbers of colors and color-pairs that can  be
           displayed  simultaneously.   The op (original pair) string
           resets foreground and background colors to  their  default
           values  for the terminal.  The oc string resets all colors
           or color-pairs to their default values for  the  terminal.
           Some  terminals  (including  many  PC  terminal emulators)
           erase screen  areas  with  the  current  background  color
           rather  than the power-up default background; these should
           have the boolean capability bce.

           To change the current foreground or background color on  a
           Tektronix-type  terminal,  use setaf (set ANSI foreground)
           and setab (set ANSI background) or setf  (set  foreground)
           and  setb (set background).  These take one parameter, the
           color  number.   The  SVr4  documentation  describes  only
           setaf/setab;  the  XPG4  draft  says that "If the terminal
           supports ANSI escape sequences to set background and fore-
           ground,  they  should be coded as setaf and setab, respec-
           tively.  If the terminal supports other  escape  sequences
           to  set background and foreground, they should be coded as
           setf and setb, respectively.  The vidputs()  function  and
           the  refresh  functions  use  setaf  and setab if they are
           defined."

           The setaf/setab and setf/setb capabilities take  a  single
           numeric argument each.  Argument values 0-7 of setaf/setab
           are portably defined as follows (the middle column is  the
           symbolic #define available in the header for the curses or
           ncurses libraries).  The terminal hardware is free to  map
           these  as  it  likes,  but  the RGB values indicate normal
           locations in color space.

                 Color       #define       Value       RGB
                 black     COLOR_BLACK       0     0, 0, 0
                 red       COLOR_RED         1     max,0,0
                 green     COLOR_GREEN       2     0,max,0
                 yellow    COLOR_YELLOW      3     max,max,0
                 blue      COLOR_BLUE        4     0,0,max
                 magenta   COLOR_MAGENTA     5     max,0,max
                 cyan      COLOR_CYAN        6     0,max,max
                 white     COLOR_WHITE       7     max,max,max

           The argument values of setf/setb  historically  correspond
           to a different mapping, i.e.,

                 Color       #define       Value       RGB
                 black     COLOR_BLACK       0     0, 0, 0
                 blue      COLOR_BLUE        1     0,0,max
                 green     COLOR_GREEN       2     0,max,0
                 cyan      COLOR_CYAN        3     0,max,max
                 red       COLOR_RED         4     max,0,0
                 magenta   COLOR_MAGENTA     5     max,0,max
                 yellow    COLOR_YELLOW      6     max,max,0
                 white     COLOR_WHITE       7     max,max,max

           It is important to not confuse the two sets of color capa-
           bilities; otherwise red/blue will be interchanged  on  the
           display.

           On  an  HP-like terminal, use scp with a color-pair number
           parameter to set which color pair is current.

           On a Tektronix-like terminal, the capability  ccc  may  be
           present  to  indicate that colors can be modified.  If so,
           the initc capability will take a color number (0 to colors
           -  1)and  three  more parameters which describe the color.
           These three parameters default to being interpreted as RGB
           (Red,  Green, Blue) values.  If the boolean capability hls
           is present, they are instead as HLS (Hue, Lightness, Satu-
           ration) indices.  The ranges are terminal-dependent.

           On  an  HP-like  terminal, initp may give a capability for
           changing a color-pair value.  It will take  seven  parame-
           ters;  a  color-pair  number (0 to max_pairs - 1), and two
           triples describing first background  and  then  foreground
           colors.   These  parameters  must be (Red, Green, Blue) or
           (Hue, Lightness, Saturation) depending on hls.

           On some color terminals, colors collide  with  highlights.
           You can register these collisions with the ncv capability.
           This is a bit-mask of attributes not to be used when  col-
           ors  are  enabled.  The correspondence with the attributes
           understood by curses is as follows:

              Attribute              Bit   Decimal      Set by
              A_STANDOUT             0     1            sgr
              A_UNDERLINE            1     2            sgr
              A_REVERSE              2     4            sgr
              A_BLINK                3     8            sgr
              A_DIM                  4     16           sgr
              A_BOLD                 5     32           sgr
              A_INVIS                6     64           sgr
              A_PROTECT              7     128          sgr
              A_ALTCHARSET           8     256          sgr
              A_HORIZONTAL           9     512          sgr1
              A_LEFT                 10    1024         sgr1
              A_LOW                  11    2048         sgr1
              A_RIGHT                12    4096         sgr1
              A_TOP                  13    8192         sgr1
              A_VERTICAL             14    16384        sgr1
              A_ITALIC               15    32768        sitm

           For example,  on  many  IBM  PC  consoles,  the  underline
           attribute  collides  with the foreground color blue and is
           not available in color mode.  These  should  have  an  ncv
           capability of 2.

           SVr4  curses  does nothing with ncv, ncurses recognizes it
           and optimizes the output in favor of colors.

### Miscellaneous

           If the terminal requires other than a null (zero)  charac-
           ter  as  a  pad,  then this can be given as pad.  Only the
           first character of the pad string is used.  If the  termi-
           nal does not have a pad character, specify npc.  Note that
           ncurses implements  the  termcap-compatible  PC  variable;
           though  the  application  may  set this value to something
           other than a null, ncurses will test  npc  first  and  use
           napms if the terminal has no pad character.

           If  the terminal can move up or down half a line, this can
           be indicated with hu  (half-line  up)  and  hd  (half-line
           down).  This is primarily useful for superscripts and sub-
           scripts on hard-copy terminals.  If a  hard-copy  terminal
           can  eject  to  the next page (form feed), give this as ff
           (usually control L).

           If there is a command to repeat a given character a  given
           number  of times (to save time transmitting a large number
           of identical characters) this can be  indicated  with  the
           parameterized  string  rep.   The  first  parameter is the
           character to be repeated and the second is the  number  of
           times  to repeat it.  Thus, tparm(repeat_char, 'x', 10) is
           the same as "xxxxxxxxxx".

           If the terminal has a settable command character, such  as
           the  TEKTRONIX  4025, this can be indicated with cmdch.  A
           prototype command character is chosen which is used in all
           capabilities.   This character is given in the cmdch capa-
           bility to identify it.  The following convention  is  sup-
           ported  on  some  UNIX  systems:  The environment is to be
           searched for a CC variable, and if found, all  occurrences
           of the prototype character are replaced with the character
           in the environment variable.

           Terminal descriptions that do  not  represent  a  specific
           kind of known terminal, such as switch, dialup, patch, and
           network, should include the  gn  (generic)  capability  so
           that  programs  can  complain that they do not know how to
           talk to the terminal.  (This capability does not apply  to
           virtual   terminal   descriptions  for  which  the  escape
           sequences are known.)

           If the terminal has a "meta key" which  acts  as  a  shift
           key,  setting  the  8th  bit of any character transmitted,
           this fact can be indicated with km.   Otherwise,  software
           will assume that the 8th bit is parity and it will usually
           be cleared.  If strings exist to turn this "meta mode"  on
           and off, they can be given as smm and rmm.

           If  the terminal has more lines of memory than will fit on
           the screen at once, the number of lines of memory  can  be
           indicated  with  lm.   A  value of lm#0 indicates that the
           number of lines is not fixed, but that there is still more
           memory than fits on the screen.

           If the terminal is one of those supported by the UNIX vir-
           tual terminal protocol, the terminal number can  be  given
           as vt.

           Media copy strings which control an auxiliary printer con-
           nected to the terminal can be given as mc0: print the con-
           tents  of  the screen, mc4: turn off the printer, and mc5:
           turn on the printer.  When the printer  is  on,  all  text
           sent  to  the terminal will be sent to the printer.  It is
           undefined whether the text is also displayed on the termi-
           nal screen when the printer is on.  A variation mc5p takes
           one parameter, and leaves the printer on for as many char-
           acters  as  the  value  of  the  parameter, then turns the
           printer off.  The parameter should not  exceed  255.   All
           text,  including  mc4,  is  transparently  passed  to  the
           printer while an mc5p is in effect.

### Glitches and Braindamage

           Hazeltine terminals, which do not allow "~" characters  to
           be displayed should indicate hz.

           Terminals which ignore a line-feed immediately after an am
           wrap, such as the Concept and vt100, should indicate xenl.

           If el is required to  get  rid  of  standout  (instead  of
           merely  writing  normal  text on top of it), xhp should be
           given.

           Teleray terminals, where tabs turn  all  characters  moved
           over  to  blanks,  should  indicate xt (destructive tabs).
           Note:   the    variable    indicating    this    is    now
           "dest_tabs_magic_smso";  in  older  versions,  it was tel-
           eray_glitch.  This glitch is also taken to mean that it is
           not  possible  to  position  the cursor on top of a "magic
           cookie", that to erase standout mode it is instead  neces-
           sary to use delete and insert line.  The ncurses implemen-
           tation ignores this glitch.

           The Beehive Superbee, which is unable to correctly  trans-
           mit  the escape or control C characters, has xsb, indicat-
           ing that the f1 key is used for escape and f2 for  control
           C.   (Only  certain Superbees have this problem, depending
           on the ROM.)  Note that in older terminfo  versions,  this
           capability   was   called   "beehive_glitch";  it  is  now
           "no_esc_ctl_c".

           Other specific  terminal  problems  may  be  corrected  by
           adding more capabilities of the form xx.

### Similar Terminals

           If there are two very similar terminals, one (the variant)
           can be defined as being just like  the  other  (the  base)
           with  certain  exceptions.  In the definition of the vari-
           ant, the string capability use can be given with the  name
           of  the  base terminal.  The capabilities given before use
           override those in the base type named by  use.   If  there
           are  multiple use capabilities, they are merged in reverse
           order.  That is, the rightmost use reference is  processed
           first,  then the one to its left, and so forth.  Capabili-
           ties given explicitly in the entry override those  brought
           in by use references.

           A capability can be canceled by placing xx@ to the left of
           the use reference that imports it, where xx is  the  capa-
           bility.  For example, the entry

                  2621-nl, smkx@, rmkx@, use=2621,

           defines  a  2621-nl  that  does  not have the smkx or rmkx
           capabilities, and hence does not turn on the function  key
           labels  when in visual mode.  This is useful for different
           modes for a terminal, or for different user preferences.

### Pitfalls of Long Entries

           Long terminfo entries are unlikely to  be  a  problem;  to
           date,  no  entry  has even approached terminfo's 4096-byte
           string-table maximum.  Unfortunately, the termcap transla-
           tions are much more strictly limited (to 1023 bytes), thus
           termcap translations of long terminfo  entries  can  cause
           problems.

           The  man  pages for 4.3BSD and older versions of tgetent()
           instruct the user to allocate a 1024-byte buffer  for  the
           termcap  entry.   The  entry  gets  null-terminated by the
           termcap library, so that makes the maximum safe length for
           a  termcap entry 1k-1 (1023) bytes.  Depending on what the
           application and the termcap library being used  does,  and
           where in the termcap file the terminal type that tgetent()
           is searching for is, several bad things can happen.

           Some termcap libraries print a warning message or exit  if
           they  find  an entry that's longer than 1023 bytes; others
           do not; others truncate the entries to 1023  bytes.   Some
           application programs allocate more than the recommended 1K
           for the termcap entry; others do not.

           Each termcap entry has two important sizes associated with
           it: before "tc" expansion, and after "tc" expansion.  "tc"
           is the capability that tacks on another termcap  entry  to
           the  end  of  the current one, to add on its capabilities.
           If a termcap entry does not use the "tc" capability,  then
           of course the two lengths are the same.

           The  "before  tc  expansion"  length is the most important
           one, because it affects more than just users of that  par-
           ticular  terminal.   This is the length of the entry as it
           exists in /etc/termcap, minus the backslash-newline pairs,
           which tgetent() strips out while reading it.  Some termcap
           libraries strip off the final newline,  too  (GNU  termcap
           does not).  Now suppose:

           o   a  termcap  entry  before  expansion is more than 1023
               bytes long,

           o   and the application has only allocated a 1k buffer,

           o   and the termcap library (like the one  in  BSD/OS  1.1
               and  GNU)  reads  the  whole entry into the buffer, no
               matter what its length, to see if it is the  entry  it
               wants,

           o   and  tgetent()  is  searching for a terminal type that
               either is the long entry, appears in the termcap  file
               after  the  long entry, or does not appear in the file
               at all (so that tgetent()  has  to  search  the  whole
               termcap file).

           Then  tgetent()  will overwrite memory, perhaps its stack,
           and probably core dump the program.  Programs like  telnet
           are  particularly  vulnerable;  modern  telnets pass along
           values like the terminal type automatically.  The  results
           are  almost  as  undesirable  with a termcap library, like
           SunOS 4.1.3 and Ultrix 4.4, that prints  warning  messages
           when  it reads an overly long termcap entry.  If a termcap
           library truncates long entries,  like  OSF/1  3.0,  it  is
           immune  to  dying  here but will return incorrect data for
           the terminal.

           The "after tc expansion" length will have a similar effect
           to the above, but only for people who actually set TERM to
           that terminal type, since tgetent() only does "tc"  expan-
           sion  once  it  is  found the terminal type it was looking
           for, not while searching.

           In summary, a termcap entry that is longer than 1023 bytes
           can  cause,  on  various combinations of termcap libraries
           and applications, a  core  dump,  warnings,  or  incorrect
           operation.   If it is too long even before "tc" expansion,
           it will have this effect even for users of some other ter-
           minal  types and users whose TERM variable does not have a
           termcap entry.

           When in -C (translate to termcap) mode, the ncurses imple-
           mentation of tic(1m) issues warning messages when the pre-
           tc length of a termcap translation is too  long.   The  -c
           (check)  option  also checks resolved (after tc expansion)
           lengths.

### Binary Compatibility

           It is not wise to count on portability of binary  terminfo
           entries  between commercial UNIX versions.  The problem is
           that there are at least two versions  of  terminfo  (under
           HP-UX and AIX) which diverged from System V terminfo after
           SVr1, and have added extension capabilities to the  string
           table  that  (in  the binary format) collide with System V
           and XSI Curses extensions.

## EXTENSIONS

           Searching for terminal descriptions in $HOME/.terminfo and
           TERMINFO_DIRS is not supported by older implementations.

           Some  SVr4  curses  implementations,  and  all previous to
           SVr4, do not interpret the %A and %O operators in  parame-
           ter strings.

           SVr4/XPG4  do  not  specify whether msgr licenses movement
           while in an alternate-character-set mode (such modes  may,
           among  other  things,  map CR and NL to characters that do
           not trigger local motions).   The  ncurses  implementation
           ignores  msgr  in ALTCHARSET mode.  This raises the possi-
           bility that an XPG4  implementation  making  the  opposite
           interpretation  may need terminfo entries made for ncurses
           to have msgr turned off.

           The ncurses library handles insert-character  and  insert-
           character modes in a slightly non-standard way to get bet-
           ter update efficiency.  See  the  Insert/Delete  Character
           subsection above.

           The   parameter   substitutions  for  set_clock  and  dis-
           play_clock are not documented in SVr4 or  the  XSI  Curses
           standard.  They are deduced from the documentation for the
           AT&T 505 terminal.

           Be careful assigning the kmous  capability.   The  ncurses
           wants  to  interpret it as KEY_MOUSE, for use by terminals
           and emulators like xterm that  can  return  mouse-tracking
           information in the keyboard-input stream.

           X/Open Curses does not mention italics.  Portable applica-
           tions must assume that  numeric  capabilities  are  signed
           16-bit  values.   This  includes  the no_color_video (ncv)
           capability.  The 32768 mask value used  for  italics  with
           ncv  can  be confused with an absent or cancelled ncv.  If
           italics should work with colors, then the ncv  value  must
           be specified, even if it is zero.

           Different  commercial ports of terminfo and curses support
           different subsets of the XSI Curses standard and (in  some
           cases) different extension sets.  Here is a summary, accu-
           rate as of October 1995:

           SVR4, Solaris, ncurses -- These support all SVr4 capabili-
           ties.

           SGI  --  Supports  the  SVr4  set,  adds  one undocumented
           extended string capability (set_pglen).

           SVr1, Ultrix -- These support a restricted subset of  ter-
           minfo  capabilities.   The booleans end with xon_xoff; the
           numerics with  width_status_line;  and  the  strings  with
           prtr_non.

           HP/UX  --  Supports  the  SVr1  subset,  plus the SVr[234]
           numerics num_labels, label_height, label_width, plus func-
           tion  keys  11  through  63, plus plab_norm, label_on, and
           label_off, plus some incompatible extensions in the string
           table.

           AIX  --  Supports  the  SVr1 subset, plus function keys 11
           through 63, plus a number  of  incompatible  string  table
           extensions.

           OSF -- Supports both the SVr4 set and the AIX extensions.

## FILES

           /usr/share/terminfo/?/*  files     containing     terminal
                                    descriptions

## SEE ALSO

           tic(1m),  infocmp(1m),  curses(3x),  printf(3),   term(5).
           term_variables(3x).

## AUTHORS

           Zeyd  M.  Ben-Halim,  Eric  S.  Raymond, Thomas E. Dickey.
           Based on pcurses by Pavel Curtis.

                                                                terminfo(5)